@article {SHEN2022121595,
	title = {Vanadium trioxide mediated peroxymonosulfate for fast metronidazole oxidation: Stepwise oxidation of vanadium for donating electrons},
	journal = {Separation and Purification Technology},
	volume = {298},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {121595},
	abstract = {In this study, vanadium trioxide (V2O3) was adopted to activate PMS via a Fenton-like reaction to degrade metronidazole (MNZ). The V2O3-PMS system can almost completely degrade MNZ at 30~min with 42.4\% TOC removal. Comparative tests reveal that V2O3 stands out among a variety of heterogeneous catalysts, including metallic oxides and carbon materials. Sulfate radicals (SO4{\textbullet}-) and hydroxyl radicals ({\textbullet}OH) derived from PMS decomposition are major reactive oxygen species, based on quenching tests, electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis, the steady-state concentrations of radicals ([SO4{\textbullet}-]ss~=~5.1~{\texttimes}~10-13 M and [{\textbullet}OH]ss~=~4.0~{\texttimes}~10-14 M), and kinetics model. The process of stepwise electron transfer from vanadium species to PMS to produce reactive radicals was proved by small-molecule simulation experiments and pickling experiments of vanadium oxides. Possible pathways of MNZ degradation were proposed based on the results of LC-MS and Fukui function, including two stages of the hydroxylation and bond cleavage of nitro and the subsequent ring-opening. This study reveals the high reusability and practicability of the V2O3-PMS system over a relatively wide pH range, which puts forward a new vision on V2O3 induced Fenton-like reactions and a new reference method for the removal of medical organic contaminants in water.},
	keywords = {Metronidazole, Peroxymonosulfate, Steady-state model, Sulfate radical, Vanadium trioxide},
	issn = {1383-5866},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121595},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383586622011510},
	author = {Jiao Shen and Feng Cheng and Yichi Chen and Li, Zeyu and Yang Liu and Yue Yuan and Peng Zhou and Liu, Wen and Bo Lai and Yongli Zhang}
}